Understanding executive functions
Executive function is a set of essential skills that impact our ability to learn, work, and navigate everyday life. Here, our Learning Lead, Sammy, explores how these skills impact student life, from academic performance to social interactions and emotional wellbeing.


Executive function refers to a set of cognitive skills that influence our ability to learn, work, and manage daily life. Underdeveloped executive function skills can significantly affect students' academic performance and wellbeing.
Working in higher education, you’ve likely seen first hand how these challenges can lead to falling behind in class, declining grades or increased risk of dropping out.
In a recent webinar led by Sammy, our Learning Lead here at Genio, we explored the component parts of executive function, the common challenges students encounter, and practical strategies for improvement that can be readily implemented to support their academic journey.
Missed the webinar? Fear not, below you’ll find the key takeaways…
Unpacking executive function
Executive function is often broken down into three core areas - working memory, inhibitory control, and flexibility.
Working memory serves as the brain's temporary holding space, processing incoming information and deciding what's worth keeping for the long term. Imagine a mental whiteboard where thoughts and ideas are jotted down before being erased.
Inhibitory control, on the other hand, is similar to impulse control. It helps us focus our attention, regulate our emotions, and make thoughtful choices. It's the capacity to pause and think before we act or speak.
Lastly, flexibility allows us to adapt to change, think creatively, and consider different perspectives. It's about embracing new situations and adjusting our approach as needed.
A more nuanced understanding of executive function, as highlighted in a 2016 study by Dajani, reveals a broader range of skills.
These include the ability to shift between tasks seamlessly, manage emotions effectively, initiate, plan, and organize tasks (including gathering the necessary materials), monitor progress and success, and recall information from memory.
Challenges faced by students
When executive function skills are underdeveloped, students may face significant hurdles in their academic performance and overall wellbeing.
This includes, but is not restricted to:
- Difficulty following instructions and remembering tasks
- Struggles with organization and time management
- Increased distractibility and difficulty maintaining focus
- Emotional dysregulation and impulsivity
- Problems with task initiation and completion
- Challenges with adapting to change and problem-solving
These difficulties can lead to falling behind in class, declining grades, and an increased risk of dropping out.
Practical strategies for improvement
Sammy emphasized the importance of providing structured support to help students strengthen their executive function skills.
Here are some actionable strategies:
- Break down tasks: Provide step-by-step instructions and chunk larger projects into smaller, more manageable steps.
- Use visual cues: Highlight important information using bold text, underlining, or color coding.
- Minimize distractions: Create a learning environment that is free from unnecessary distractions.
- Encourage the use of assistive technology: Provide access to speech-to-text software, mind mapping tools, and other assistive technologies.
- Offer frequent check-ins: Regularly monitor student progress and provide guidance and feedback.
- Teach self-monitoring strategies: Equip students with techniques for tracking their own progress and identifying areas for improvement.
- Promote a growth mindset: Encourage students to view challenges as opportunities for learning and growth.
By understanding the complexities of executive function and implementing effective support strategies, educators and support staff can empower students to overcome challenges, improve their academic performance, and achieve their full potential.
Remember, fostering a supportive and inclusive learning environment is paramount to facilitating student success.
More from Supporting Students
View All
Navigating AI in higher education: A panel discussion
This article recaps our insightful Q&A with James Moore, Marlies Gration, Denise Henry and Clara M. Fleites. We explore how institutions are currently using AI, trends they're seeing and how we can address some of the challenges surrounding AI integration at higher education.

AI literacy and the new era of academic preparedness
AI is having a seismic impact on higher education and both institutions and learners must prepare for this shift. Here we explore why AI literacy is fast becoming one of the most fundamental study skills for modern learners.

How institutions can integrate using AI in higher education
This article explores the integration of AI into higher education, drawing insights from a live panel discussion with experts from Genio and Parallax. It delves into the opportunities AI presents for enhancing learning, addressing common fears, and fostering critical thinking skills among students and faculty.